Aristotle s View On Human Nature Essay - 2321 Words

This quote by Aristotle was taken from ‘Aristotle: a Very Short Introduction’ and there is no-one of whom this is more true than Aristotle as he was dedicated to every possible discipline he could sink his teeth into making him one of the utmost key figures within philosophy, not only in classical philosophy but he is still regarded as influential in modern philosophy. As well as being a devoted biologist, botanist, moral philosopher, psychologist, zoologist and many more things besides Aristotle held a view about human nature that he interwove into his concept of virtue theory, this is described at some length in the text Nicomachean Ethics. It is this view on human nature that I intend to explain and discuss throughout this essay with reference to some more recent philosophers to show that Aristotle’s view was not only linked directly to Athenian society but has managed to stand the test of time. A point I will return to later in a yet to posted article ‘Can we Consider Modern Ethics to be Aristotelian or Nietzschean?’, this article is much better written and argues the points in greater detail. I must admit this was in fact a very early work of mine and although some editing has been made it still lacks the strength some of my later pieces possess. From quite early on in the text Aristotle starts to interweave his views on human nature[2]. He makes the claim that by nature man is blind to morality suggesting that man is naturally an amoral creature, this is backed up byShow MoreRelatedAristotle s Views On Human Nature1115 Words   |  5 PagesAristotle, a prominent ancient Greek philosopher, wrote about what makes humans act in a way that benefits others for the better. One of those beneficial behaviors Aristotle mentioned was called virtuous behaviors. According to Aristotle, if there are virtues than one, the good will express the best and most complete virtue. In other words, it is best to engage in complete virtues, not incomplete ones. Aristotle believed that human good is equal to virtue, and that we should commit acts of virtueRead MoreAristotle s View Of Politics Essay1454 Words   |  6 Pagesorder to understand what Aristotle means when he says man is a Zoon politikon it is essential to understand the concept and reasoning behind his writings of The politics as a whole. This essay intends to discuss Aristotle s view of politics through the way in which he layers the fundamental concept of hierarchy of humans and natural societies to show that man by nature works for the common good. I will also discuss the conflicting views between the works of both Aristotle and Hobbes in orderRead MorePlato s Interpretation Of Utopia1630 Words   |  7 PagesPlato and Aristotle shared many differences despite also sharing a teacher student relationship. This essay will strive to establish their understandings of reason and the role reason plays in their comprehensions of politics, differentiating between the kinds of reason and politics produced as a result. Plato is regarded as the first writer of political philosophy while Aristotle is recognised as the first political scientist. Plato’s interpretation of Utopia is founded upon the existence of threeRead MoreAristotle s Contributions Of Western Philosophy1124 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the greatest classical Greek philosophers still known is Aristotle. His contributions to Western philosophy are in the areas of nature, nature, logic, metaphysics, the soul, morality, and politics. He was one of Plato’s students and studied under him for twenty years in the academy in Athens. He started to lecture about his on top of rhetoric. Aristotle became well known for his philosophies he began to tutor Phillip of Macedon son Alexander. After the death of Phillip’s, the school of platonicRead MoreSocrates And Aristotle s Life1491 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosopher Aristotle is widely thought to have said, The ultimate value of life depends upon awareness and the power of conte mplation rather than upon mere survival. The earliest accounts of human history chronicle the struggle for survival against all odds. It is therefore remarkable that roughly 2400 years ago the question of virtue was raised, let alone contemplated at great length, forming a foundation upon which Western philosophers build to the present day. Socrates and Aristotle were twoRead MoreThe Debate Of Economics Between Bentham And Aristotle926 Words   |  4 PagesA Debate of Economics Between Bentham and Aristotle With all the many issues facing our country today it is difficult to pin down exactly what the biggest issue is, so instead of picking the biggest issue I decided to pick the issue that has affected people the most in this country as well as other countries which would be economics. When it comes to economics the biggest issue facing our country is that we no longer produce what we need to keep up with our economic system, so what if the philosophersRead MoreAre There Any Immoral Religions Or Any Moral Atheists?1204 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstanding of moral philosophy lays the basis for comprehending the nature of any other type of philosophical discipline. Many of the philosophers in the past believed in the existence of a Mighty being who is in control of everything. In the same breath, Aristotle and Aquinas believed that God took care of everything, and only living a virtuous life guaranteed to be like Him. On some issues, Aquinas supported Aristotle s thinking, while in o thers he differed intensely. To achieve this goal,Read MoreComparing Dante And Aquinas On Happiness1377 Words   |  6 PagesLive a Diversified Life For Dante and Aquinas, happiness does not only compose a useful life on earth but also in Heaven. Dante and Aquinas were sure that continued use of Aristotle virtues would not land any of their followers in heaven. To increase chances of one entering heaven, Dante and Aquinas developed proposed the incorporation of hope, faith, and charity into the daily virtues that people possess. According to Dante and Aquinas, possession of virtues like good temper and judgement couldRead MorePolitical Philosophy, By Steven Cahn1197 Words   |  5 PagesIn Steven Cahn s book, Political Philosophy, The Essential Texts, philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau created the circumstances to enable the fundamental principals of philosophy and politics. These knowledgeable, astute and significant men have helped to achieve the structure of our past and present democracy as well as a plan of action for the rights and values that we as citizens can all relate to today . They are grounded in their thinking and tied togetherRead MoreWhat Is The Purpose Of Life?1619 Words   |  7 PagesPurpose Of Life? Probably the MVP of questions, What is the purpose of life?, Has come across all of mankinds thought s some time or another and for each individual, it is plausible that they pondered this topic on numerous occasions throughout their life s. Many people find solace in their religions, others look to the ancients and the stars, while some, just trust in nature. Maybe within all of these outlooks, you can find truths about the meaning of life, but is the meaning or purpose of life

Global Ethics for the United States - 676 Words

The United States of America What is are EXPORT AND IMPORT trades for this country (or a number of trades)? More than two-thirds of the United States’ exports are material goods. The other third is made up of capital goods (used to produce other other goods for a company). Some of these exported products include crude oil, kerosene, propane, pharmaceuticals, cell phones, gem diamonds, automobiles and food, feeds and beverages. Majority of these exports go to countries like Canada (19%), Mexico (14%), China (7%) and Japan (4.5%). - Figures estimates as of 2012. (EIA, 2014) (Wikipedia, 2014) The biggest import for the U.S is industrial machinery and equipment, of which nearly half is crude oil. In addition to this are imports of fuel oil ($46 billion), petroleum products ($50 billion) and natural gas ($9 billion). Other large industrial imports are iron and steel products ($30 billion), chemicals ($25 billion), fertilizers ($16 billion). There are also many other miscellaneous imports. The United States imports more than it exports, and this creates a trade deficit of five hundred and forty billion dollars. Even though America exports billions of dollars in oil, consumer goods and automotive products, it imports more even more. (About.com, 2013) At what age is a person expected to work in this country? The minimum working age in the U.S varies depending on the age of the individual in correlation with the job and skills involved. As a general rule the Fair Labor StandardsShow MoreRelatedCritique Nigel Dowers Perspective Of Ethical Development And Globalization1722 Words   |  7 Pagesnatural resources, especially trees, is one contributor to climate change and global warming. In this paper, I will critique Nigel Dower’s perspective of ethical development and globalization through the lens of John Broome’s Climate Matters: Ethics in a Warming World. In this paper, I will critique Nigel Dower’s perspective of ethical development and globalization through the lens of John Broome’s Climate Matters: Ethics in a Warming World and argue that one cannot consider globalization without climateRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility of Levi Strauss1039 Words   |  4 PagesIt is the nature of business to expand its business and increase sales. What is ethical? In my opinion ethics are defined by what is right. Some ethics are defined by law but many must come from within the person or business. One must realize that sometimes what might be considered unethical by law or ethical by law might need to be revisited and thought about if the law or lack of it produces unethical outcomes. In doing business so many times an organization must think globally. This mightRead MoreEssay on Uop Ethics/316 Week 5 Cross Cultural Perspectives1340 Words   |  6 Pages21, 2012 Cross Cultural Perspectives Ethics are the product of a society’s culture so it is natural there will be different responses to similar ethical scenarios. Beekum, Stedam, and Yamamura (2003) suggest these differing conclusions will lead to conflict where one side perceives the outcome is ethical whereas the other does not. Another possible outcome is that one side may not even see a decision even being morally significant. Global organizations have the additional challenge whenRead MoreEnvironmental Factors1188 Words   |  5 Pagescultural, demographic, economic, political, regulatory, and technological environment that affect the survival, operations, and growth of an organization. A global organization such as McDonalds has to take into consideration these environmental factors to continue to grow outside the borders of the United States. This paper will analyze global economic interdependence, the effect of trade practices and agreements, the influence of cultural differences, the effect of political systems, and the influenceRead MoreGlobal Problem Solving And Morals Cross1023 Words   |  5 Pages Global Community Discovery JaQuita J. Jackson Ohio Christian University Global Community Discovery Global problem-solving and morals cross in various ways. Clearly, the way in which issues, for example, environmental change, asset consumption, vicious passing, savage disparities in life chances, and dangers to biodiversity are drawn nearer and considered, not to mention determined, epitomize muultiple and significant moral issues. At the most fundamental level, the impression of the presenceRead MoreDrivers of Globalization1075 Words   |  5 PagesGlobalization In today’s growth of technology companies can be based in one country and operate business on the other side of the world. Becoming a global organization has helped economies that would otherwise struggle. Instead of only being able to reach thousands of consumers an organization is now able to reach millions. An organization usually seeks to go global to increase revenue. Whether it is a small organization looking to build profits or a large publically traded organization looking to buildRead MoreWal-Marts Values1574 Words   |  7 PagesExploring the World Wide Web -Go to Wal-Mart’s web site www.walmart.com and read the information there about the company’s stance on the ethics of Global Outsourcing and the treatment of workers in countries abroad. Then search the Web for some recent stories about Wal-Mart’s global purchasing practices and reports on the enforcement of its code of conduct. I. â€Å"Brief† Summary of the exercise Wal-Mart was founded back in 1962 by Sam Walton who instilled values and the three basic beliefs thatRead MoreEssay about Ethics in International Business1657 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Ethics in International Business Abstract International business ethics challenges the corporate world to deal with questions of what to do in situations where ethical standards come into conflict as a result of the different cultural practices in the nation. Since, there is this dilemma that has progressively troubled the large multinational corporations, international business ethics has arisen to help address these adhesive subject matters. There are several international businessRead MoreSweatshops : Positive Deviancy And Global Labour Practices And The Ethical And Economic Case Against Sweatshop Labor1675 Words   |  7 PagesBeyond Sweatshops: Positive Deviancy and Global Labour Practices and The Ethical and Economic Case Against Sweatshop Labor: A Critical Assessment. The former was authored in July 2005 by Denis Arnold and Laura Hartman. The latter was written in September 2011 by Benjamin Powell and Matt Zwolinski. The authors of both works are undeniably qualified and are experts in their respective fields. The credibility of both Beyond Sweatshops: Positive Deviancy and Global Labour Practices and The Ethical andRead MoreEthical Principles Of The Word Ethics1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy states that the word ethics is commonly used interchangeably with morality ... and sometimes it is used more narrowly to mean the moral principles of a particular tradition, group or individual (Deigh, 1995). Since we were kids and we began to realize what was around us, our parents and grandparents have taught us the basic knowledge of what is good and what is bad. It is indeed an inherent characteristic of all human being and grows from our desires to

Finance & Accounting

Questions: a) Prepare a Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended 31st October 20X4 in accordance with IAS 7 (revised), using the indirect method. b) Prepare a Business Report commenting on the cash position of Equity PLC. Answers: (a). CASH FLOW STATEMENT FOR THE YEAR ENDED ON 31ST OCTOBER, 20X4 OF EQUITY PLC 000 000 Cash flows from operating activities Net profit/loss before tax and interest 15,000.00 Adjustments for: Depreciation (LB+PM) 6,000.00 Revaluation of fixed assets 2,000.00 Investment income - Interest expenses 1,200.00 - Profit/+ Loss on Sale of Fixed Asset 1,000.00 10,200.00 Operating profit before working capital changes 25,200.00 Increase in trade and other receivables (7,000.00) Decrease in inventories 5,000.00 Increase in bank overdraft 3,000.00 Decrease in trade payables (5,000.00) (4,000.00) Cash generated from operations 21,200.00 Interest paid (1,200.00) Income taxed paid (2,400.00) Dividends paid (12,400.00) Cash flow before extraordinary items - (16,000.00) Net cash from operating activities 5,200.00 Cash flows from investment activities Acquisition of subsidiary - Payment to acquire tangible fixed assets (23,500.00) Receipt from sales of tangible fixed assets 500.00 Payment to acquire investment (5,000.00) Investment income received - Dividends received - (28,000.00) Net cash used in investing activities (28,000.00) Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from / (Payment) for share capital 7,000.00 Proceeds from / repayment of long-term borrowings 5,000.00 Payment of finance lease liabilities - 12,000.00 Net cash flow from financing activities 12,000.00 Net increase/decrease in cash and cash equivalents (10,800.00) Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period (Cash + Cash Equiv) 12,000.00 Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period - (Cash + Cash Equiv) Introduction To have a proper understanding of a company it is essential to review the financial statements. It helps in delivering the correct answer. The evaluation is best done with the tool named ratio analysis. It helps in assessing the financial health of the business and aids in the process of decision-making (Albrecht et. al, 2011). The current report will throw light on the financial position of Equity PLC and the cash position will be evaluated by utilizing the indirect method in tune with the IAS 7. Moreover, it facilitates in the preparation of cash flow statement. Further the following major ratios will be used for analysing the financial statements: Profitability this ratio is an indicator of how profitable the company is and does it has the capability to create wealth for the users. The profit derived by the business is considered here (Williams, 2012). Efficiency the manner in which the business undertakes the resources and put to use is indicated by this ratio (Williams, 2012). Liquidity ratio this ratio is an indicator of the liquid position of the business and provides a view that whether the business will be able to meets its obligations (Williams, 2012). Leverage ratio this ratio considers the contribution of the owner and other parties. (b). Equity PLC Analysis Ratios Profitability According to the profitability ratio, Equity PLC can be tagged as a profitable company and has been able to produce a sales margin that is more than a half for every sale. But, it needs to be noted that the company should consider the operating expenses that has costed its net margin to drift down to 11% in the accounting year. Efficiency Here the company must work on the concept of working capital and its management. It should be more specific in inventory, as well as accounts receivable and its collections. The company had a trouble because the investment was locked for an average of 209 days during the year and this lead to locking up of the investment. This impacted the smooth flow of the working capital (Horngren, 2013). However, the inventory turnover ratio indicates that the company was able to turn over 1.75 times in the year. It must be undertaken that the company must be having some obsolete inventory in it. This must be looked into. The customers were provided a credit period of 65 days. This was compensated in a strong manner because it took 105 days credit from the suppliers. The advancing credit cost must be weighed with that of the cost of taking credits that ensures the company is not impacted in a negative manner (Northington, 2011). In this scenario, the company took 105 days from the supplier and he nce, working capital is high in this regard. Liquidity The liquidity position of the company is average. The quick ratio is around the base ratio that is 1:1. Moreover, this strikes the fact that the company needs to consider the management of the inventory so those obsolete inventories are eliminated. Moreover, the current ratio is not strong that will ascertain an average situation (Parrino et. al, 2012). Leverage When it comes to financial leverage, it can be ascertained that Equity PLC utilizes the debt to structure its business effectively and hence the company is not under a threat or difficulty for using the debt. This is highlighted by the ratios that are computed. The total debt needed to finance the total assets declined marginally because the total debt in tune to shareholder equity reduced. The company utilized less of debts to acquire the assets and this is properly highlighted by the decreasing equity leverage 9 Parrino et. al, 2012). Moreover, the lender is in strong position as the payment of interest will not have any problem as indicated by the operations of the company. This is reflected by the interest coverage ratio that reflects the payment of interest can be done at least 12.5 times from the profit that arises before interest and taxation during the year. Cash position of Equity PLC The income statement of Equity PLC has reflected a positive scenario while the cash flow statement projects a different one. When the cash flow statement is evaluated that has been computed utilizing the indirect method of reconciliation, it can be observed that the statement is negative. By investigating the cash flow, the following points came to the forefront: Cash is generated from operations and this is due to the fact that operating profit before working capital has increased. Net cash is used in investing activities and this is due to the payment that has been done to acquire assets and investments. Since, cash has moved out of the business and this is a strong situation of the business because cash is used for purchase of fixed assets that will help the business in the long run (Spiceland et.al, 2011). Cash has flown in due to financing activities and this is due to proceeds that have derived from the share capital and proceeds that have derived from the long term borrowings. Trade payable have declined year to year that indicates an increment in the payment of the vendors. This will need investigations because the decline in the inventory has been noticed on a year to year basis (Melville, 2013). The trade receivable enhanced considering the two statements that strikes an increment in the customer credit. Assets were written off and it aided in the increment of plant and machinery that led to year on year gap. The payment of interest enhanced that needs additional scrutiny however; an increment of the loans and overdraft might have led to such factor. Conclusion From the above study and investigation, Equity PLC looks formidable and good for the purpose of investment. The shareholders are getting adequate returns and that is the main motto. However, it needs to keep into mind various plans to operate with ease. The company should observe the operating expenses. Firstly, it should budget, monitor, as well as plan the financial statements. Secondly, it should tame the procedure of purchasing (Davies Crawford, 2012). It should adhere to the authorization and the spending limits. Thirdly, the company should discuss with the suppliers grading the prices and introduction of new suppliers. Moreover, it should provide the employees with the responsibility of evaluating the expenses. Fourthly, it must enhance the limit of the working capital and management of the inventory (Needles Powers, 2013). The company must adhere to the basic principles of inventory management that is it should be kept in a stock room; the procedures must be standard for del ivery of product and continuous stock check. It should have strong software that will look into the system of inventory. This will enable the company to have a good control over the cash flow pattern and hence, will able to get opportunities. References Albrecht, W., Stice, E. and Stice, J 2011, Financial accounting, Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Davies, T. and Crawford, I 2012, Financial accounting, Harlow, England: Pearson. Horngren, C 2013, Financial accounting, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group. Melville, A 2013, International Financial Reporting A Practical Guide, 4th edition, Pearson, Education Limited, UK Needles, B.E. Powers, M 2013, Principles of Financial Accounting, Financial Accounting Series: Cengage Learning. Northington, S 2011, Finance, New York, NY: Ferguson's. Parrino, R., Kidwell, D. and Bates, T 2012, Fundamentals of corporate finance, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Spiceland, J., Thomas, W. and Herrmann, D 2011, Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin,University Press Williams, J 2012, Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Is Business Impersonal Essay Example

Is Business Impersonal? Essay How would you respond when someone makes a decision that adversely affects you while saying its nothing personal its just business. Is business impersonal? Ethics are a subjective set of standards used by an individual to guide their actions, and to identify any obligation. They are uninterruptedly evolving code of conduct dependent upon conditions and the life involvements of the individual. With movements that can be measured by right and Wrong. Ethics are not concerned with the explanation of ethical systems in civilizations but are more or less the mainstay of the industry, whether an association has good or bad moral standards ethics is an issue for all people. It is the moral and ethical duty of a person to not to do anything or not to indulge in any activity which will impact others. One should perform his duty in the best manner and in the manner which is accepted in the society. One should not perform any activity which will benefit oneself and harm others. As an affected person I can file a claim against the person or can sue the person or business or business owner who is trying to affect me for his personal interest. ) Is someone who makes an ethical decision based on enlightened self- interest worthy of more or less praise than someone who makes a similar decision based solely on economic considerations? Ethical decision is not in the self-interest, it should always be in the public interest and litigation. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Business Impersonal? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is Business Impersonal? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is Business Impersonal? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A person is giving efforts to create the decision based on his self-interest cant be praised as there are no public interests being taken care of and the decision is solely taken by an individual in his favor. A person who considers economic consideration it would be better to praise him as there would be DOD social element and the consideration would be to include public and help the country in gaining and maintain a good note out of the decision. 3) Because happiness is extremely subjective, how do you objectively measure and assess happiness? Do you agree with J. S. Mill that arithmetic can be used to calculate happiness? Is money a good proxy for happiness? Happiness completely depends on an individuals assessment and it would be done only with the individuals confidence and his own assessment levels. Individuals are there to get the things more inclined towards assessing their inference and satisfaction levels. Confidence and Satisfactions levels are key criteria to access the individuals happiness measure. Arithmetic can be used to calculate based on multiple parameters but again there must be a feeling or emotional character in such cases, which will definitely have an impact on the overall individual happiness assessment. Money will definitely be a good proxy for happiness, but the happiness which will be achieved through money will not be having a long term impact and its impact will surely be reducing in a few times. There are cases where a person s very happy for receiving such a good compensation but on the other hand he will get unhappy after a short time frame because of some happening case in his family. Is there any categorical imperative that you can think of that would have universal application? Isnt there an exception to every rule? Universal application can be applied throughout the world, though it would certainly be difficult to obtain universal applications, because of each geography comes with lots of limitations and their own cultures, religions, rules and demographic advancements. So, from my points of view there would a universal application but it would be difficult to have same rules applied for every region. How does a business executive demonstrate virtue when dealing with a disgruntled shareholder at the annual meeting? Executives are there to address any kind of issue, and if there would be any disgruntled shareholder, then there might be a case because Of which he is throwing such an opinion and impacting the annual meeting. Executive can no directly ignore his question and needs to address the question with proper clarity, if e will not be able to do so, it would be a negative on the part of organization. Organization as a whole would suffer if the business executive will not be able to answer the questions of shareholder and unable to satisfy them, their image will be disgruntled in this case. 7) Commuters who have more than one passenger in the car are permitted to drive in a special lane on some highways while all the other motorists have to contend with stop-and-go traffic. Does this have anything to do with ethics? If so, then assess this situation using each of the following ethical theories: utilitarianism, demonology, justice, fairness and virtue ethics. Onto think so it will be related to the theory of ethics, more and all it would be the part of rules and laws of a particular country and how the country would like to perceive the behavior of their people. There are cases where the countries dont care much about the overall people awareness, but then there would always be places where countries care and provide proper laws, rules and give the people to decide the judgment if that would right for them or not.

Athen Essay essays

Athen Essay essays There were three types of government in Ancient Greece: an oligarchy, monarchy, and a democracy. An oligarchy was governed by a few wealthy and powerful people. A monarchy was governed by only one person. A democracy is when citizens voted on who the leader was and public matters. Citizens were only men who had Greek origin and were not slaves. If citizens did not care for a politician, when they voted, they wrote on a clay tablet which person they wanted to leave Athens. If one person got more than 6,000 votes against him, he couldn't come back to Athens for 10 years. Ancient Greece was divided into areas called city-states. There were many city-states and each one had its own government. Athens and Sparta were two of the most powerful city-states. Sparta was ruled by the military. In early times, Athens was governed by a monarchy. A monarchy is a Greek work meaning "ruled by one." Soldiers hand-picked their new leader and put him into power. Monarchy did not last long in Athens. The Athenians build a new government called an oligarchy, which means "ruled by the few." Some leaders were known as tyrants. A tyranny is an unjust government led by someone who has taken power. By 508 B.C. democracy started in Athens. Greece had one of the first democracies ever! In Athens, democracy meant "Power of the people," although women couldn't vote or run for office. Citizens who were 18 and male could be council members, judges or government officials. All three jobs last only one year and not one single person got paid for their services! The assembly would meet at the Acropolis four days every month. Democracy is important because it gives everyone a say in the government, so everyone is treated fairly. In a democracy, anyone can run the country, but in a monarchy, sometimes a bad person rules and will do bad things. In Athens there were originally three archons: the archon basilieus, or king archon, the eponymous a ...

How to Make Tris Buffer Solution for Medical or Lab Use

How to Make Tris Buffer Solution for Medical or Lab Use Buffer solutions are water-based liquids that include both a weak acid and its conjugate base. Because of their chemistry, buffer solutions can keep pH (acidity) at a nearly-constant level even when chemical changes are taking place. Buffer systems occur in nature, but they are also extremely useful in chemistry. Uses for Buffer Solutions In organic systems, natural buffer solutions keep pH at a consistent level, making it possible for biochemical reactions to occur without harming the  organism. When biologists study biological processes, they must maintain the same consistent pH; to do so they used prepared buffer solutions. Buffer solutions were first described  in 1966; many of the same buffers are used today.  Ã‚   To be useful, biological buffers must meet several criteria. Specifically, they should be water soluble but not soluble in organic solvents. They should not be able to pass through cell membranes. In addition, they must be non-toxic, inert, and stable throughout any experiments for which they are used. Buffer solutions occur naturally in blood plasma, which is why blood maintains a consistent pH between 7.35 and 7.45. Buffer solutions are also used in: fermentation processesdying fabricschemical analysiscalibration of pH metersDNA extraction What Is Tris Buffer Solution? Tris is short for  tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, a chemical compound which is often used in saline because it is isotonic and non-toxic. Because it has a Tris has a pKa of 8.1 and a pH level between 7 and 9, Tris buffer solutions are also commonly used in a range of chemical analyses and procedures including DNA extraction. It is important to know that pH in tris buffer solution does change with the temperature of the solution. Emeldir  / Wikimedia Commons /  CC0 1.0 How to Prepare Tris Buffer It is easy to find commercially available tris buffer solution, but it is possible to make it yourself with the appropriate equipment. Materials: Calculate the amount of each item you need based on the molar concentration of the solution you want and the quantity of buffer you need. tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane  distilled deionized waterHCl Procedure: Start by  determining what concentration (molarity) and volume of Tris buffer you want to make. For example, Tris  buffer solution  used  for  saline  varies from 10 to 100 mM.  Once you have decided what you are making, calculate the number of moles of Tris that are required by multiplying the molar concentration of buffer by the volume of the buffer that is being made.  (moles of Tris mol/L x L)Next, determine how many grams of Tris this is by multiplying the number of moles by the molecular weight of Tris (121.14 g/mol).  Ã‚  grams of Tris (moles) x (121.14 g/mol)Dissolve the Tris into the distilled deionized water, 1/3 to 1/2 of your desired final volume.Mix in HCl (e.g., 1M HCl) until the pH meter gives you the desired pH for your Tris buffer solution.Dilute the buffer with water to reach the desired final volume of solution. Once the solution has been prepared, it can be stored for months in a sterile location at room temperature. Tris buffer solutions long shelf life is possible because the solution does not contain any proteins.

Quantitative vs. Qualitative research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quantitative vs. Qualitative research - Essay Example of the measures of concepts, then the research respondents are selected, the next step is issuing research instruments and data collection, what follows is data processing and analysis, after this process finding are drawn and conclusions made. The main steps involved in qualitative research are: setting the overall research questions, then selecting necessary subjects and sites, then relevant data ought to be collected, then interpretation follows, then theoretical and conceptual work follows, the last step is writing up conclusions and findings. In quantitative research, the quality issues involved are issues such as reliability, this deal with the measure of stability and consistency. Replication seeks to find out whether the study is repeatable. Validity seeks to establish whether what is measured is the one intended or if the conclusions are well founded. In qualitative research, quality issues are trustworthiness that entails credibility of the findings, transferability in terms of the applicability of the findings to other contexts; dependability is whether the findings apply at other times. Conformability is whether the investigator’s values have intruded to a high degree. Relevance is the importance of a topic in the field of study and the contribution made by the literature in that field. Quantitative research has major preoccupations such as measurement and reliability validity, causality which entails explanation on reason as to why things are the way they are and the direction taken by the causal influence, that is, dependent and independent variables. Another of these preoccupations is generalization which covers the question on the scope of the context, sample and population, as well as the extent to which the samples are representative. Replication is a value that seeks to reduce contamination of results by researcher values or biases, thorough procedure descriptions, and ability to duplicate in varying context. In qualitative research, the